Exercise and Aging: A Qualitative Correlation Essay -- Exercise, Aging

In 1523 the Spanish conquistador Ponce de Leon made a broad journey to another world looking for the incredible Fountain of Youth. He never discovered it. Albeit numerous years have gone since Ponce de Leon made his scandalous outing, the possibility of legendary youth is still particularly alive in our way of life. We want to really act and feel young. Physical exercise is the main move an individual can make to feel youthful as well as to physiologically slow the maturing procedure. This paper will introduce examines demonstrating the influence practice has on the human body and how it is valuable in keeping us at our ideal physical and emotional well-being. For the time being, maturing is inescapable. Physiologically, we age since singular cells are prearranged to exhaust and afterward fall to pieces. The procedure gets evident in a correlation of old and youthful skin cells. Albeit the two sorts contain a similar exhibit of qualities, in more seasoned cells the qualities stay at work longer than required under the heading of an ace quality. The ace quality powers the others to create anomalous measures of protein, which hinders replication and other imperative cell action. These elements in the long run cause organ degeneration and maturing. To forestall or defer maturing a way should be found to control overactive qualities, state Dr. Samuel Goldstein of the University of Arkansas and Anna McCormick, Ph.D. of the National Institute on Aging. A definitive enemy of maturing disclosure would be a medication that could stifle the ace quality, preventing cells from starting their ruinous course. Until this disclosure (and well after) our enemy of maturing projectile can be work out. Exercise is the nearest thing to an enemy of maturing pill there is, says Alex Leif, M.D., an educator at the Harvard Medical School of Gerontology. Normal day by day physical action has been a lifestyle for all intents and purposes ever individual who has arrived at the age of 100 in sound condition. Studies at the National Institute of Aging have over and over indicated that ordinary exercise and quality preparing can profoundly affect the pace of human maturing, and may thwart the handicap and ailments we are accustomed to considering as the u navoidable cost of developing old. One technique for practice is called quality coming down accomplished by muscle opposition developments, for example, those give by the straightforward utilization of free loads. Dr. Evans, of the Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, led an irregular examination tha... ...ucose Tolerance and Plasma Lipid Levels in Older Men and Women, Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 252, No. 5, Aug. 1984, pp. 645-649. 9G. Heath, A Physiological Comparison of Young and Older Endurance Athletes, Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 51, No. 3, Sept. 1981, p. 639. 10B. Johnson, Stream Limitation and Regulation of Functional Residual Capacity during Exercise in a Physically Active Aging Population, American Review of Respiratory Disease, Vol. 143, No. 5, May 1991, p. 960. 11, 15, 16 A. Coggan, Histochemical and Enzymatic Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle in Masters Athletes, Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 68, No. 2, 1990, pp. 1896-1900. 12, 13, 18 H. Higdon, The Masters Running Guide, National Masters News, Van Nuys, CA, 1990, pp. 36-37, pp. 48-51. 14, 20 M. Adjust, Science of Stretching, Human Kinetics Books, Champaign, IL, 1988, p. 31, p. 64. 17 G. Legwold, Experts Competitors Age Little in TenYears, The Physician and Sports Medicine, Vol. 10, No. 10, Oct. 1982, p. 27. 19 M. Fiatarone, High-Intensity Strength Training in Nonagenarians, Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol.. 263, No. 22, June 1990, p. 3033

Case of Gamescorp Plc-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine the Difference among China and Europe. Answer: Presentation Gamescorp plc is a PC programming store situated in the United Kingdom with a high development rate. The association sells limited PC games and comparative items. Physical shops of Gamescorp are running effectively in Paris, Milan and Berlin since three years and in the wake of picking up energy in business Gamescorp plans to embrace a development technique in different pieces of the world. Gamescorp plans to open retail outlets in China. Notwithstanding, the association has concluded that in China the physical stores will have a great deal of likeness with the stores previously settled in the United Kingdom. Social Difference among Europe and China In Europe correspondence is unequivocal or direct. The Europeans express their real thoughts and embrace a verbal correspondence style with less non-verbal signs .The Chinese once in a while talk straightforwardly. They don't come to the heart of the matter. In conferences, Chinese utilize formal and circuitous language. Correspondence style in China is deduced or suggested and unobtrusive. More non-verbal prompts are utilized in correspondence style. They center around picking up trust; they uncover their aims simply after solid business connections are created. Individuals holding senior situations in associations by and large talk during conference in China and all inquiries ought to be coordinated to the seniors. The Europeans esteem opportunity and follow free dynamic methodologies, though in China agreement and soundness are esteemed and dynamic procedure is bunch situated. In business connections, the Europeans are very shallow. They offer need to gainfulness and business conn ections are authoritative in Europe, while in China business connections are based on trust. The Chinese put stock in building long - term business connections and create connections at an individual level before leading business. The Europeans center around momentary objectives, despite what might be expected, the Chinese spotlight on long haul results. The Europeans think per quarter while the Chinese think years ahead(Brewster, 2008).The Europeans are high daring people though the Chinese culture attempts to stay away from dangers. The dynamic procedure in Europe is quick, arranged and proactive and circulated authority is utilized in dynamic procedure. In China the dynamic procedure is moderate and incautious; by and large directors settle on a ultimate choice. The Europeans by and large regard riches, accomplishment and achievement while the Chinese individuals have high regard for shrewdness and rank. The point of view or thinking style in Europe is guided by rationale. Europe ans are commonly explanatory while the point of view of Chinese individuals is all encompassing and natural. Individuals in China think about the 10,000 foot view and their however procedure is explicit to a specific circumstance. In European culture, reliability is of fundamental significance though in Chinese culture times for arrangement are adaptable. The Europeans are commonly pugnacious and verbal while taking care of contentions however individuals of China think that its hard to state no and they use non-verbal cues(Chan, 2012). The way of life of a nation decides the qualities that are polished in working environment. Teacher Geert Hofstede contemplated 5 elements of culture that can impact the work environment estimations of various nations. These five measurements are power separation, Individualism Versus Collectivism, Masculinity Versus Felinity, Uncertainty Avoidance and Long-Term Versus Short-Term Orientation. Key social distinction among China and Europe Force Distance China scores 80 on Power Distance Index (PDI). This implies in China there is generous force separation between in the middle of subordinates and bosses in China. The European nations exhibit variety in this score. Nations like Ireland, Denmark, Austria, and the United Kingdom have a low force separation score and nations though nations like France and Romania score 68 and 90 on power separation (PDI). Independence/Collectivism (IDV)- China scores 91 on IDV , the Chinese culture is substantially more collectivistic. Gathering believing is supported in China and choice is made with an accord of gathering individuals as opposed to singular dynamic. Lion's share of nations follow an individualistic culture in Europe however there is variety in this social measurement, for example, the United Kingdom scores 89 on IDV measurement though Spain scores 51. Manliness/Femininity (MAS) - China positions 66 on MAS measurement. The Chinese culture and individuals are profoundly determined by accomplishments, rivalry and achievement. Individuals in China want to work and offer significance to needs identified with work than investing energy with families. Vulnerability Avoidance (UAI) China scores 40 in Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) measurement. This implies Chinese follow an organized strategy and system, rules and guideline to stay away from vulnerability. In any case, the Chinese are not scared by dubious circumstances and are eager to grasp changes as indicated by the equivocal situation(Shen Y. D., 2015). Long haul/Short-Term Orientation (LTO) - China scores high on long haul direction (LTO).The 118 LTO score of China obviously mirrors that the Chinese individuals practice diligence and tirelessness to achieve objectives. The Chinese spotlight on aftereffects of long haul as opposed to concentrating on transient objectives. The exchange procedure in China is tedious. The Chinese individuals accept to pick up trust and incorporate connections before drawing in with a business deal(Hofstede, 1983). The Effect of Cultural Difference on Business Relations From the investigation of the Hofstedes Cultural Dimension, it very well may be obviously comprehended that there is huge social distinction among China and Europe. This social contrast will cause distinction in guiding principle, mentalities and way of life of individuals of China and Europeans(Taylor, 2007). Along these lines, the style of working together in China will be totally not the same as that of Europe. Along these lines Gamescorp Plc. necessities to consider the social contrast among China and Europe while setting the Human Resource Management Practices for its product store in China. The enlistment strategies and practices for selecting nearby staffs of China in the product store of Gamescorp Plc. will be generously administered by the social estimations of China which is unique in relation to that of Europe(Chan, 2012). The Organization Orientation In ethnocentric staffing, individuals who have a place with a similar nationality as the parent Company are picked as a piece of the parent Company. In polycentric associations, the workforce is recruited from the host nation. In geocentric associations, worldwide targets just as nearby goals are met. Gamescorp plc needs the corporate culture of its product store in China to have likeness with the product stores of the nation of origin United Kingdom. The physical proof of the stores are required to be spread out and brightened in understanding to the effectively settled corporate style. The supplies of the stores will have comparative sort of stocks as the stores present in the United Kingdom. The solid corporate personality which is as of now settled will be kept up any place a store of Gamescorp Plc is opened (Hofstede, 1983). Since, the loads of the store in China and the physical proof of the store is wanted to have likeness with that of the store of the nation of origin of Gamescorp plc., the association is excited about receiving ethnocentric methodology. Associations embrace ethnocentric way to deal with execute a more tightly control for its auxiliaries and to have a brought together corporate culture. In ethnocentric methodologies, the center abilities of Gamescorp plc will be moved to its nation of origin China and since the Chinese auxiliary should agree to the targets and procedures of the nation of origin, a great usage of value factors are normal in ethnocentric methodology. In any case, if Gamescorp plc receives the ethnocentric methodology in China without thinking about the social estimations of the Chinese populace, it may prompt lower efficiency, higher disappointment and turnover in the product store in China.(Schneider, 1988) In the event that Gamescorp plc embraces a polycentric direction for its product store in China, at that point there will be a wide social hole between its store of the United Kingdom and the store of China. Accordingly a polycentric approach will prompt bungle, lower purpose of control and oversight and there may be a drop in nature of stocks conveyed to clients. In this way, the brand estimation of Gamescorp plc will be in danger if polycentric approach is embraced. Geocentric direction will best suit the destinations of Gamescorp plc. The association needs its solid corporate character which is as of now settled in the nation of origin to be received in China. The physical similarity and the supplies of the store of China will likewise have likeness with that of the nation of origin. Yet, for recruiting strategies Gamescorp plc should enlist administrators and neighborhood staffs both from home nation just as host nation. The aptitudes, information and capacities required for a specific activity position ought to be filled by able administrators and staffs independent of the nationality.(Shen J. , 2004).Gamescorp plc ought to embrace a geocentric direction in light of the fact that the association needs to enlist nearby Chinese chiefs who will have the option to propose the administration of the association about the social strategies of China which will decide the human asset approaches of that Gamescorp plc will receive in China. Likewise, la nguage is an extraordinary hindrance among Chinese and Europe. The enlistment and determination board of Gamescorp plc in China ought to have adequate Chinese chiefs who will have the option to speak with nearby Chinese staffs in their native language and will comprehend their brain science superior to an European administrator. The nearness of Chinese chiefs will help, as it were, in eye to eye meetings of the neighborhood Chinese staffs. This is conceivable in a ge

Boys like cars and money

Boys like cars and money DID YOU KNOW? You can create your own motivational, or de-motivational posters online at this website. I was walking to the down Amherst Street this fine afternoon, heading to the Laboratory for Energy and the Environment offices, when I was accosted by a man in a bicycle taxi. MAN: Hey, do you want a ride? Its almost free! ME: Well, no, Im actually only going to the end of this block. MAN: Its actually free! ME: No, thanks anyway! Sams Mom had taught me well not to get into bicycle taxis with strangers. But as the man sped off in search of another victim, I noticed that the taxi was actually offering free rides to anybody who joined a certain group on thefacebook. And then I realized that thefacebook had now somehow come out of my computer and invaded the real, physical world. And I just despaired. Or should I say, despaired dot com? Im sitting down here at the Burton-Conner front desk remembering why I dont usually work on weekday afternoons: packages come in! And then you have to log them all in a little book and sort them all alphabetically and put all of the stupid recipients names on the whiteboard. It takes like 15 minutes! I could write a whole blog entry in those 15 minutes! But then I remembered: I have a friend at another college who has a boyfriend whose campus job involves cleaning up poop in monkey cages. Desk is actually a pretty good job by those standards. Actually, working desk is, without a doubt, the absolute best job that you can possibly find on the MIT campus. Ive mentioned this in passing a few times, but I thought that now we have the AWESOME CATEGORIES SITE I would take the time to write up an actual job description Pay: $9 per hour or something (campus minimum wage was $8.75 last time I checked) Experience needed: None Tasks 1. Any time somebody rings the dorm doorbell, press the door open button. Sometimes they knock on the glassyou dont have to open the door for them in this case, because there is a sign specifically telling them not to do so. 2. If you let someone in who doesnt live here, check their MIT ID, ask who theyre here to visit, and log their name in the visitor guide. I have to admit, I only do this for sketchy- or imposing-looking people. Lifes too short to catalogue every wholesome Asian girl in an MIT sweatshirt who needs to get into Burton-Conner. 3. Restock paper in the dorm printer from the supply behind desk. If there is no more behind desk, send an e-mail to the dorm telling them that barbar is, regrettably, out of paper. Barbar is our printers name. 4. Answer the dorm phone. We used to have to transfer calls during the dark age period when MIT campus phones could not recieve outside calls, but nobody ever taught us how to do that, so Id always just hang up on people who asked me to transfer their call. Then, thankfully, some MIT student figured out that it would not actually cost anything extra for MIT phones to receive outside calls, and the problem was solved forever. 5. Give people keys when they get locked out of their rooms, or when they get significant others who want to live with them. Dont forget to make them fill out the little green ket checkout card! Usually were discouraged from telling them that you can open any door in Burton-Conner with two spare shelving brackets. Shh! Its our little secret, blogoverse! 6. Check people in and out of the dorm at the beginning and end of the year. This means, basically, handing them a yellow card and either dispensing or taking their key. 7. Check out movies. This involves opening the door to let people look at movies, looking at their MIT ID, and clicking like two things in the movie check-out program. Then you say, Okay, its gonna be due back on the 29th! Sometimes youre asked to make movie recommendations, too, although thats not really in the official job description. My standard recommendation is Jesus Christ: Vampire Hunter (The power of Christ impales you!), but depending on what the customer is looking for, I have also been known to recommend Kinsey, Dodgeball, and Spellbound. 8. Manage dorm equipment. This includes television remote controls, ping pong paddles (but no balls), pool equipment, various board games, and a hammer. Sometimes. Well, there used to be a hammer. And I didnt know about it. And someone needed it. So I was like Why would we have a hammer behind desk, young lady? And then one day I was just rooting around drawers looking for something and BAM there was the hammer. And this was before thefacebook, so I couldnt even stalk her down and apologize. 9. Logging packages, as described above. I tend to take night shifts, which means I dont usually have to do this, but it does mean that sometimes I have to 10. Make small talk with night security. Usually theyll leave you alone and let you do your p-sets, but once in a while Ive gotten to talking to them, and it turns out that they have really interesting lives that are not entirely defined by their noctural occupations. And, really, thats about it. For the rest of the time you get paid $18 to sit around and do your homework for two hours. Or play Tontie. But usually I do homework. Then there are the rare occasions when youll have to handle a stray piece of mail or deal with the owner of a lost earring or procure a hammer or something. But those are few and far between. Basically, as DAPER might put it, Successful MIT students work Burton-Conner front desk all four years of their education.

Disney Movies Throughout American History - 1266 Words

Disney Movies Throughout American History Presented to Mr.Hyatt Presented by Seanita Caim Disney has been involved in the lives of millions of Americans since the early 1920s and even now, continues to touch the hearts of each new generation. What started as a simple and humble cartoon studio grew into a world-wide known enterprise. Disney brought comfort to the United States post WWII and has been a staple in households across America for children everywhere. It is not uncommon for people to reminiscence about their childhood when thinking about Disney shows or movies. So, how did a little cartoon studio get so well known? The era of when the studio was created may be one of the advantages that led Disney from an uncle’s†¦show more content†¦(The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century, pg.535) America was in an uproar during this time, screaming words of isolationism and in the midst of this Disney films offered citizens an escape from reality for a short amount of time. With all of the chaos overseas; the studio suffered from the loss of foreign m arket, but it was thanks to the huge success of Snow White that kept Disney out of debt. Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs set the stage for Walt Disney’s studio rise to fame. Once more, after the studio’s first success they set to work on the next feature film and in 1940, Pinocchio and Fantasia were released. Tensions in America were high because just a year prior; France, Germany, and Great Britain had declared war on each other. President Roosevelt was under great pressure to remain out of the conflict; on the other hand during this time the two movies just released grossed up to $84 million and $83 million respectively. It was clear during this time that Americans wanted a break from the crushing atmosphere, so going to watch a movie allowed them some peace of mind. One year later with a careful eye out to, â€Å"Look Out for Mister Stork,† everyone’s favorite circus elephant, Dumbo, became known to the public. This movie was released late in the year of 1941, but only two months before disaster struck. That same year in the month of Dece mber, Japan launched an attack on Pearl Harbor. The United

A Research Study On Interprofessional Collaboration Plays...

Interprofessional collaboration plays a major role in the health care system, especially when the patient’s recovery requires the attention of a variety of health professionals. The ability for professionals of different medical disciplines to work together is essential for the patient to receive the highest quality of care. S. Nelson, the patient involved in Case Study C, is the victim of a terrible car accident that leads to her being transported by helicopter to the nearest trauma center for immediate surgery. At the hospital, she is treated for multiple fractures, primarily on the left side of her body, and severe head trauma. As S. Nelson’s condition becomes stable, doctors of different health professions meet and discuss the plan of care that S. Nelson will need on her road to recovery. My job within S. Nelson’s health care team is the physical therapist, where I am responsible to work to help her regain strength – specifically in her left femur, lef t ulna, and several bones in her left hand. The standard scope of practice of a Doctor of Physical Therapy consists of providing exercises and services that â€Å"prevent, minimize, or eliminate impairments of body functions and structures, activity limitations, and participation restrictions† as well as creating goals that will guide my patient to better mobility (The Physical Therapy, 2015). Physical therapy is a dynamic form of health care that focuses on rehabilitation, risk-prevention exercises, and performanceShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Interprofessional Collaboration On Health Care1569 Words   |  7 PagesInterprofessional collaboration has become an accepted important component in healthcare. 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A Description of Analytic Psychology Free Essays

string(272) " The stages are as follows: Oral Stage of Psychosexual Development \(ages 0-18 months\) – At this stage, the infant is focused upon getting pleasure from its mouth, especially through breastfeeding, which may be a source of satisfaction or frustration for the baby\." Advanced Counselling Skills Level 4 Assignment 0ne 1. Briefly describe Analytic Psychology www. jungclub-london. We will write a custom essay sample on A Description of Analytic Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now org C. G. Jung Analytical Psychology Club London. â€Å"Who looks outside, dreams, who looks inside, awakens,† The term ‘psychoanalyst’ is currently used to cover all those facts and theories presented in the works of Freud, Jung, and Adler. However it is often recommended that it should be applied only to the theory and practice of Freud and his disciples, and that the theory and practice of Jung should be designated ‘Analytical Psychology’, and that the theory and practice of Adler should be designated ‘Individual Psychology’. Psychoanalysis’ in this broader sense covers both a set of theories and a set of practices. Analytic psychology is the analysis of the human mind, psyche and the unconscious, as well as the conscious components of the mind. It is thought that man’s behaviour and his conscious states can be explained only by unconscious sources of motivation. What is common in the practice of the psychoanalytic schools is the use of special techniques for bringing these unconscious factors into light. The practice of psychoanalysis has grown out of the treatment of mental illness. In one sense, the practice of psychoanalysis is prior to the theories, since the theories first were developed from experiences from therapeutic practice. These theories have, however, been extended and enriched by material derived from other sources. Jung believed that the mind could be divided into unconscious and conscious parts. He felt that the unconscious mind was made up of layers. The personal unconscious is the part of the unconscious mind in which is stored each person’s unique personal experiences and memories that may not be consciously remembered. Jung believed that the contents of each person’s personal unconscious are organized in terms of complexes – clusters of emotional unconscious thoughts. One may have a complex towards their mother or towards their partner. Jung referred to the second layer of unconsciousness as the collective unconscious. This level contains memories and behavioural predisposition’s that all people have inherited from common ancestors in the distant human past, providing us with essentially shared memories and tendencies. People across space and time tend to interpret and use experience in similar ways because of â€Å"archetypes† – universal, inherited human tendencies to perceive and act in certain ways. During analytic therapy, Jung may use certain archetypes to explain person’s unconscious thoughts that in turn affect their outward behaviour. He believed that there are certain archetypes that are important in people’s lives. These archetypes are as follows. The persona archetype is the part of our personality that we show the world, the part that we are willing to share with others. The shadow archetype is the darker part of a person, the part that embraces what we view as frightening, hateful and even evil about ourselves – the part of us that we hide not only from others but also from ourselves. The anima is the feminine side of a mans personality, which shows tenderness, caring, compassion and warmth to others, yet which is more irrational and based on emotions. The animus is the masculine side of a woman’s personality, the more rational and logical side of the woman. Jung posited that men often try to hide their anima both from others and from themselves because it goes against their idealized image of what men should be. According to Jung, archetypes play a role in our interpersonal relationships. For example, the relationship between a man and a woman calls into play the archetypes in each individual’s collective unconscious. The anima helps the man to understand his female companion, just as the animus helps the woman to understand her male partners. Jung felt that the â€Å"self† – the whole of the personality, including both conscious and unconscious elements – strives for unity among the opposing parts of the personality. Jung distinguishes two differing attitudes to life, two ways of reacting to circumstances, which he finds so widespread that he could describe them as typical. The extraverted attitude, characterized by an outward personality, an interest in events, in people and things, a relationship with them, and a dependence on them. This type is motivated by outside factors and greatly influenced by the environment. The extraverted type is sociable and confident in unfamiliar surroundings. He or she is generally on good terms with the world, and even when disagreeing with it can still be described as related to it, for instead of withdrawing (as the opposite type tends to do) they prefer to argue and quarrel, or try to reshape it according to their own pattern. The introverted attitude, in contrast, is one of withdrawal of the personality and is concentrated upon personal factors, and their main influence is ‘inner needs’. When this attitude is habitual Jung speaks of an ‘introverted type’. This type lacks confidence in relation to people and things, tends to be unsociable, and prefers reflection to activity. Jung uses the term Analytical Psychology to describe his own approach, which is not only a way of healing, but also of developing the personality through the individuation process. Since individuation is not the goal of all who seek psychological help he varies his treatment according to the age, state of development, and temperament of his patients ‘ and does not neglect either the sexual urge or the will to power. 2. What were the life stages identified by Freud: ww. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud â€Å"At that time, the eel life cycle was unknown and Freud spent four weeks at the which he frequently demonstrated with patients on stage in front of an audience† Famed originator of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud created a psychosexual model of human development based upon the erogenous zones of the body. He believed that as these zones matured neurolo gically, they activated the emotional world of the child (largely resident in the unconscious), and in the course of doing so, created the basis for later emotional health or mental illness in adulthood. The stages are as follows: Oral Stage of Psychosexual Development (ages 0-18 months) – At this stage, the infant is focused upon getting pleasure from its mouth, especially through breastfeeding, which may be a source of satisfaction or frustration for the baby. Anal Stage of Psychosexual Development (18 months – 3 1/2 years) – At this stage, the young child is fixated upon its own process of eliminating faeces, experiencing pleasure in the anal regions of the body, and reacting emotionally to attempts by parents or other caregivers to control this physical function through toilet training. Phallic Stage of Psychosexual Development (3 1/2 years – 6 years) – At this stage, the penis or vagina is the source of erotic satisfaction for the child, and he or she fantasizes about getting pelvic pleasure with the opposite sex parent and aggressively doing away with the same sex parent (the Oedipal Crisis). Latency Stage of Psychosexual Development (6 years – puberty) – At this stage, the emotional surges of the previous three stages go into hiding for a few years as the child learns how to repress, project, introject, sublimate, and in other ways channel the psychosexual energies of their earlier development. Of Psychosexual Development (puberty – adulthood) – At this stage, the psychosexual instincts of the first three stages of development reassert themselves at puberty, but instead of being directed toward fantasy or the child’s own body, are directed Genital Stage outward toward a genuine love relationship focused on heterosexual genital sex. The conscious mind includes everything that we are aware of. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about rationally. A part of this includes our memory, which is not always part of consciousness but can be retrieved easily at any time and brought into our awareness. Freud called this ordinary memory the preconscious. In Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality, the conscious mind includes everything that is inside of our awareness. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about in a rational way. The conscious mind includes such things as the sensations, perceptions, memories, feeling and fantasies inside of our current awareness. Closely allied with the conscious mind is the preconscious, which includes the things that we are not thinking of at the moment but which we can easily draw into conscious awareness the unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behavior and experience, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences. In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality, the unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behaviour and experience, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences. The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth. This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes of the instinctive and primitive behaviours. According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, making it the primary component of personality. The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension. For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink. The id is very important early in life, because it ensures that an infant’s needs are met. If the infant is hungry or uncomfortable, he or she will cry until the demands of the id are met. However, immediately satisfying these needs is not always realistic or even possible. If we were ruled entirely by the pleasure principle, we might find ourselves grabbing things we want out of other people’s hands to satisfy our own cravings. This sort of behaviour would be both disruptive and socially unacceptable. According to Freud, the id tries to resolve the tension created by the pleasure principle through the primary process, which involves forming a mental image of the desired object as a way of satisfying the need. The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality. According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world. The ego functions in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind. The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id’s desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways. The reality principle weighs the costs and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses. In many cases, the id’s impulses can be satisfied through a process of delayed gratification–the ego will eventually allow the behaviour, but only in the appropriate time and place. The ego also discharges tension created by unmet impulses through the secondary process, in which the ego tries to find an object in the real world that matches the mental image created by the id’s primary process. The last component of personality to develop is the superego. The superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalised moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society–our sense of right and wrong. The superego provides guidelines for making judgments. According to Freud, the superego begins to emerge at around age five. There are two parts of the superego: The ego ideal includes the rules and standards for good behaviours. These behaviours include those, which are approved of by parental and other authority figures. Obeying these rules leads to feelings of pride, value and accomplishment. The conscience includes information about things that are viewed as bad by parents and society. These behaviours are often forbidden and lead to bad consequences, punishments or feelings of guilt and remorse. The superego acts to perfect and civilize our behaviour. It works to suppress all unacceptable urges of the id and struggles to make the ego act upon idealistic standards rather that upon realistic principles. The superego is present in the conscious, preconscious and unconscious. With so many competing forces, it is easy to see how conflict might arise between the id, ego and superego. Freud used the term ego strength to refer to the ego’s ability to function despite these duelling forces. A person with good ego strength is able to effectively manage these pressures, while those with too much or too little ego strength can become too unyielding or too disrupting. According to Freud, the key to a healthy personality is a balance between the id, the ego, and the superego. The term got its start in psychoanalytic therapy, but it has slowly worked its way into everyday language. Think of the last time you referred to someone as being â€Å"in denial† or accused someone of â€Å"rationalizing. † Both of these examples refer to a type of defense mechanism. In Sigmund Freud’s topographical model of personality, the ego is the aspect of personality that deals with reality. While doing this, the ego also has to cope with the conflicting demands of the id and the superego. The id seeks to fulfill all wants, needs and impulses while the superego tries to get the ego to actin an idealistic and moral manner. What happens when the ego cannot deal with the demands of our desires, the constraints of reality and our own moral standards? According to Freud, anxiety is an unpleasant inner state that people seek to avoid. Anxiety acts as a signal to the ego that things are not going right. Frued identified three types of anxiety:Neurotic anxiety is the unconscious worry that we will lose control of the id’s urges, resulting in punishment for inappropriate behavior. Reality anxiety is fear of real-world events. The cause of this anxiety is usually easily identified. For example, a person might fear receiving a dog bite when they are near a menacing dog. The most common way of reducing this anxiety is to avoid the threatening object. Moral anxiety involves a fear of violating our own moral principles. In order to deal with this anxiety, Freud believed that defense mechanisms helped shield the ego from the conflicts created by the id, superego and reality. 3. what factors determine a person’s behaviour according to watson: â€Å"Behaviourism †¦ holds that the subject matter of human psychology is the behaviour of the human being. Behaviourism claims that consciousness is neither a definite nor a usable concept. The behaviourist †¦ holds, further, that belief in the existence of consciousness goes back to the ancient days of superstition and magic†¦. The great mass of people even today has not yet progressed very far away from savagery – it wants to believe in magic†¦. Almost every era has its new magic, black or white, and its new magician. Moses had his magic: he smote the rock and water gushed out. Christ had his magic: he turned water into wine and raised the dead to life†¦. Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. According to behaviorism, behavior can be studied in asystematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states. There are two major types of conditioning:Classical conditioning i s a technique used in behavioral training in which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response. Next, a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus. Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus. The two elements are then known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response. Operant conditioning Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. Behaviourism holds that only observable behaviours should be studied, as cognition and mood are too subjective. According to behaviourist theory, our responses to environmental stimuli shape our behaviours. Important concepts such as classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and reinforcement have arisen from behaviourism. In operant conditioning, the learner is also rewarded with incentives, while classical conditioning involves no such enticements. Also remember that classical conditioning is passive on the part of the learner, while operant conditioning requires the learner to actively participate and perform some type of action in order to be rewarded or punished. . list 6 examples of metaneeds and metapathologies: www. oaks. nvg. org/abraham-maslow. html â€Å"Metaneeds and metapathologies. Another way that Maslow approaches the problem of self-actualization is to talk about special, driving needs† The basic psychological needs are the instinctive needs for the self-respect and self-esteem which provide the conditions for psychological growth and full personality development. T he most urgent or ‘prepotent’ is the need for freedom from fear and anxiety i. . the need for safety or ‘security’. Security needs which includes the need to strive for   perfection or ‘ideals’ is communicated through loving care and affection of ‘unconditional love’ i. e. the need for ‘belongingness’. The sense of belongingness is the basis for approval of one’s identity and expectations for oneself – faith in oneself as ‘self-respect’ or ‘self-esteem’ i. e. the ‘ego needs’. Gratification of ego needs establishes a natural condition of self-identity  or ‘healthy ego’. The healthy ego involves a high evaluation of the self based on faith in one’s potentialities, recognition and appreciation of one’s personal achievements, competence and confidence in the sense of importance of one’s status. This basic sense of worthiness leads to the sense of purpose – ‘self-directedness’ or ‘self-discipline’ – which is prerequisite to ‘spiritual growth’ of complete ‘personality development’ of maturity i. e. ‘self-actualisation. Self-actualisation is mature growth which involves the harmonising of psychic forces i. . ‘growth motivation’. Metaneeds are human motivations for spiritual growth of the human organism as a social organism†¦ subconscious needs for awareness of human values for living: ‘social values’ or ‘human values’  Metaneeds are instinctive needs of the human organism as a social organism which depends for survival on human solidarity and social cooperation. Metaneeds are the survival needs of creative   socialisation – the higher psychological needs for personality integration. The metaneeds are the so-called ‘higher spiritual needs’ – the ‘Being needs’ (‘B-needs’) for self-transcendence – the needs for truth, morality, goodness, beauty, perfection, justice, kindness, happiness, serenity, wisdom, love simplicity, lawfulness, and ego-transcendance etc. The metaneeds are equally urgent or ‘potent’ and each can be defined in terms of the others. In the process of normal psychological growth the subconscious B-needs rise to the conscious level of awareness as the human values for living – the ‘social values’ i. e. ‘Being-values’ or ‘B-values’ i. e. ‘human values’. In the transcendental realm, the being needs become the ‘being-values’. They are just as biologically based as are the so-called ‘lower needs’ – the   obviously physiological needs of hunger and thirst. The transcendant, religious, esthetic, and philosophical facets of life are as real and intrinsic to human nature as any other biological needs. Each of the human values represents a different facet of the development of ‘moral conciousness’ or ‘conscience’. As the source of human values the functions to maintain the integration of personality while adapting to changes in the socal environment. Development of conscience depends on gratification of metaneeds in a process of ‘spiritual growth’. Psychologist Abraham Maslow (1954) stated that human motivation is based on people seeking fulfilment and change through personal growth. Maslow described self-actualized people as those who were fulfilled and doing all they were capable of. By studying people he considered to be self-actualised (including Abraham Lincoln, Albert Einstein and William James). Maslow identified 15 characteristics of a self-actualised person (illustrated as a pyramide). For example: enjoyment of new experiences, sense of humour, close friendships, creativity etc. It is not necessary to display all 15 characteristics to become self-actualised, and not only self-actualised people will display them. Maslow did not equate self-actualisation with perfection. Self-actualisation merely involves achieving ones potential. Thus someone can be silly, wasteful, vain and impolite, and still self-actualise. Less than one percent of the population achieve self-actualisation. The hierarchy of needs include: Biological and Physiological needs – air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc. Safety needs – protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc. Belongingness and Love needs – work group, family, affection, relationships, etc. Esteem needs – self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc. Self-Actualisation needs – realising personal potential, self-fulfilment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. 5. Describe the theories of Carl Rogers. How do you think his work is relevant to the counselling you will undertake with your clients? www. simplypsychology. org/carl-rogers. tml â€Å"Carl Rogers believed that humans have one basic motive, that is the tendency to †¦ Central to Rogers’ personality theory is the notion of self or Self-Concept† Theory of Personality Development Rogers’ therapy was an extension of his theory of personality development and was known as client-centred therapy, since the basis of the therapy was designed around the client. According to Rogers each person has within them the inherent tendency to continue to grow and develop. As a result of this the individual’s self-esteem and self-actualisation is continually influenced. This development can only be achieved through what Rogers refers to as â€Å"unconditional positive regard. In order for an individual to experience total self-actualisation the therapist must express complete acceptance of the patient. Roger’s found that this was best achieved through the method of â€Å"reflection†, in which the therapist continually restates what the â€Å"patient† has said in an attempt to show complete acceptance and to allow the patient to recognize any negative feelings that they may be feeling. Throughout the counselling session the therapist may make small interruptive remarks in order to help identify certain factors. For the most part the â€Å"patient† is allowed to direct the course of the session. Rogers began to use the expression â€Å"client† instead of â€Å"patient† due to the fact that the individuals that he was counselling did need help but not within the same regard that a medically ill person does. These individuals do not need to completely surrender themselves to a medical expert although they do need help. Today throughout the field of psychology it is a worldwide practice to address the individual as a client instead of a patient. Eventually throughout its development Rogers theory began to be known as â€Å"people-centred† due to its expansion beyond psychotherapy to such areas as education, marriage, leadership, parent-child relationships, and the development of professional standards. Within each branch that Rogers theory expanded to there were several basic elements that were applied to each. They were as follows: The individual comes for help. This is the most significant step within the steps of therapy. The individual has taken it upon himself to take the first step for help even if he does not recognize this as the reason he’s there. The helping situation is defined. The client is made aware that the counsellor does not have the answers, but that with assistance he can, work out his own solutions to his problems. . The counsellor encourages free expression of feelings in regard to the problem. The counsellor provides the client with a friendly, interested, and receptive attitude, which helps to bring about free expression. The counsellor accepts, recognizes, and clarifies negative feelings. Whatever the negative feelings are the counsellor must say and do things, which helps the client recognize the negative feelings at hand. When the individual’s negative feelings have been expressed they are followed by expressions of positive impulses, which make for growth. The counsellor accepts and recognizes the positive feelings in the same manner as the negative feelings. There is insight, understanding of the self, and acceptance of the self along with possible courses of actions. This is the next important aspect because it allows for new levels. Then comes the step of positive action along with the decreasing the need for help. When I am counselling I would use the following teniques: Active listening as a listener I would show much interest. As the listener I would reflect back to the client and only speak to find out if what they said has been correctly heard and understood. I would watch my Body language and take into account my facial expressions, angle of my body, proximity of myself to another, placement of arms and legs. I need to monitor the tone of your voice – in the same way that I monitor my body language. I believe that Carl Rogers core conditions I would use such as Empathic understanding I feel this is important when counselling to make sure the client are simply understood – not evaluated, not judged, simply understood from their own point of view. As the facilitator I am real person, being what I say I am, entering into a relationship with the client without presenting a front or a facade, the client is much more likely to be effective. Being real and genuine. This means that feelings that the client is experiencing are available, available to their awareness that I am able to live these feelings, be them, and able to communicate if appropriate. It means coming into a direct personal encounter with the client, meeting the client on a person-to-person basis. Like Carl Rogers I believe that client – centred therapy is for me because it is a non-directive approach is very appealing on the face of it to many clients, because they get to keep control over the content and pace of the therapy. It is intended to serve them, after all. The therapist isn’t evaluating them in any way or trying to â€Å"figure them out†. 6. How is attachment theory relevant to counselling? Briefly describe the strange situation test and its importance in attachment theory: www. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Attachment_theory â€Å"Attachment theory describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans. Its most important tenet is that an infant needs to develop a relationship† The relationship between a counselor and client is the feelings and attitudes that a client and therapist have towards one another, and the manner in which those feelings and attitudes are expressedThe relationship may be thought of in three parts: transference/cou ntertransference, working alliance, and the real- or personal-relationship. Another theory about the function of the counseling relationship is known as the secure-base hypothesis, which is related to attachment theory. This hypothesis proposes that the counselor acts as a secure-base from which clients can explore and then check in with. Secure attachment to one’s counselor and secure attachment in general have been found to be related to client exploration. Insecure attachment styles have been found to be related to less session depth than securely attached clients. The professional boundary defines the extent and limitations of the relationship with your client. It preserves your client’s confidentiality and creates a ‘safe space’ for your client to reveal and explore personal issues. Boundaries are signified by the temporal and spatial routines of the counseling process: regular appointment times, consistent length of sessions and a dedicated counseling room. Attachment theory describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans. Its most important tenet is that an infant needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for social and emotional development to occur normally. Attachment theory is an interdisciplinary study encompassing the fields of psychological, evolutionary, and ethological theory. Immediately after WWII, homeless and orphaned children presented many difficulties, and psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby was asked by the UN to write a pamphlet on the matter. Later he went on to formulate attachment theory. Infants become attached to adults who are sensitive and responsive in social interactions with them, and who remain as consistent caregivers for some months during the period from about six months to two years of age. When an infant begins to crawl and walk they begin to use attachment figures (familiar people) as a secure base to explore from and return to. Parental responses lead to the development of patterns of attachment; these, in turn, lead to internal working models which will guide the individual’s perceptions, emotions, thoughts and expectations in later relationships. Separation anxiety or grief following the loss of an attachment figure is considered to be a normal and adaptive response for an attached infant. These behaviours may have evolved because they increase the probability of survival of the child. How to cite A Description of Analytic Psychology, Papers

Business Affairs and Internal Management

Question: Discuss about the Business Affairs and Internal Management . Amswer: Introduction The company appoints its directors in accordance with the provisions as stated in the Corporation Act 2001. The directors are said to be the in-charge of the management of the company. They have the complete control over the business affairs and the internal management of the company. As the corporation act contains the law relating to a company, section 183 of the act is referred to be as an important section. This section deals about using of information by the directors or any other officers. A civil obligation is present in this section. As per the section 183 (1) of the Act, a person holding a position of a director in the company at present or used to be in the position of a director or any additional or other officer of the company is not supposed to utilize any kind of information in a manner which is improper, and should not get into a work in order to make profit for himself or for others, in respect to the affairs of the company. This responsibility prevails in spite of the fact that the person is no more a director of the said company or any other officer. The subsection (2) of section 183 of the said act states that any of the persons who are involved in any activity which is contravening the subsection (1) is infringing the said section. Preliminary Issues: In order to breach the section 183 of the Corporation Act, the person should hold the position of a director, an officer or an employee of the company. To understand what amounts to breach of sec.183, it is important to understand the meaning of a director that has been prescribed in section 9 of the Act. A person, who is holding the place of a director in a company or has been appointed as an alternate director of the company, is said to be a director of the concerned company. The directors should work according to the authorization that has been given to them by the company. Any person not being a proper director can hold the place of the director, or the directors who are presently holding the position can act as per the instruction given by that person, if there is no contradiction between the decisions taken by the present directors. Any person being a director, secretary, trustee, a liquidator or an administrator of a company, who participates in the working of the company or in making of any important decision which will affect the business affairs of the company, is referred to be an officer of the said company. In the case mentioned here, Dr. Dawes has declared to be bankrupt and thus gave a formal resignation from the company, GML. After his resignation, he continues to draw his fees for the position of a Consultant Director which has been given to him with unanimous decision made by the board of directors. Hence, he is a director. Mr. Foster has joined Queensland Equity Capital Group Ltd.(QECG) in the position of CFO, which is an executive Board position after resigning from GML after making the proposal of buying the shares of MMM by Mr. Boon in the board meeting. Therefore, Mr. Foster cannot be considered as a director at present. In the position of an Audio Visual Technician, Mr. Huckenfusser has been working in GML since last 5 years. He is an employee of GML. His work is to display any presentation to the board at the time of the board meetings. Mr. Huckenfussers sister-in-law is Mrs. Duck and she is not holding a position of a director in the company and is also not an employee. Possible breaches of the Corporation Act: To see if there is any breach of section 183 of the corporation act, there are certain elements that should be proved. These elements have been discussed in the decision of the famous case of Commissioner for Corporate Affairs v Green. The person should be an officer of the company. He should have important and proper information regarding the company affairs which he has got in respect of the position in the company. That person should have misuse the information for his personal gain or for any other person either directly or indirectly. The misusing of the information should have cause damage or loss to the company. If these conditions are fulfilled, a person is held guilty of breach of section 183. The reason behind Dr. Dawes being a Consultant Director is that the members of the board are not willing to lose his expert knowledge in this field. Dr. Dawes requested his wife to buy MMM shares on 2nd April after the board meeting where a discussion for the buying of shares in MMM has been done by Mr. Boon. Dr. Dawes wife bought 20,000 shares @ $5.00 per share. He again asked his wife to sell those shares @ 12.70 on 6th June after attending the meeting. By this act he made an indirect profit in the name of his wife. After resigning from the post of director and joining as CFO in the QECG, Mr. Foster recommended his employer to get shares of MMM and instantly QECG bought 40,000 shares of MMM @ 4.70. The information Mr. Foster had about the shares of MMM was in respect of the position of director which he was holding at the time of the meeting where the discussion about the MMM shares has taken place. He has misused the information for his own direct advantage. The Audio Visual Technician of GML, Mr. Huckenfusser was also present during the meeting on 2nd April where he had assisted the board in the meeting with Mr. Boon where the discussion about the shares has been done. Therefore, he was also having the knowledge about the shares of MMM. Mrs. Duck always wanted to have stock information from Mr. Huckenfusser and said that she will give him relief from the debt of $5,000 if he gives her any useful information regarding shares. Mr. Huckenfusser has shared the information of MMM shares for his own advantage. Mrs. Duck on 15th May bought 5000 shares of MMM @ 5.20. she then sold the same on 6th June @ 12.05 and made a profit. After all these external happenings, Mr.Boon again held a meeting on 12th June where he suggested that the time is not perfect to have shares in MMM and this matter should be ended. No announcement of bid has been made further. MMM by the end of June was trading at $3.20. Because of the directors and the employee of GML, the company had to face loss which amounts to breach of section 183 of the Corporation Act. Defences: If the court finds that using of information by any officer of a company has been done with honesty in respect to the position and by considering all the circumstances and situation of the case that is connected with such persons appointment, the concerned person may be granted relief by the court or be exempted. This has been mentioned in section 1317S of the Corporation Act. Proving honesty is a tough work and is hard to prove by any test. The burden of proving honesty depends on the perception of the quality of the case which is different from one another. Any personal benefit received in any exchange of information by the officer of a company is a relevant fact that is to be taken into account at the time of determining the chance of fair exemption granted by the court. The most important thing to be considered is the way by which the breach has been committed. Dr. Dawes will be excused from the civil penalty and will be exempted from the court though being a consultant director, he misused his position. He worked dishonestly. He asked his wife to purchase shares in her name and he himself did not buy any share which leads to indirect profit. Exemption will be granted to Mr. Foster also as he is not an acting director of GML but is a CFO in QECG and is working with that company. Mr. Huckenfusser has provided general information to his sister-in-law, Mrs. Duck out of the service he was into. His intention was to get relief from his own personal debt of $5,000, which may not be proved in the court. Therefore, he will also be exempted from the civil penalty referred in section 1317S. Mrs. Duck is not at all guilty of breach of section 183, so there is no question of granting exemption to her. Remedies: Section 1317S of the Corporation Act applies to the proceedings which is eligible for proceeding in court. It is not applied on the way of commencing the offence. A relief from the liability of breach of section 183 may be granted by the court to a person partially or in full. A person may make an application to the court in order to get exempted from the civil penalty, if he anticipates that a suitable proceeding may arise against him in the near future. If satisfy, the court may grant relief to him. Conclusion: Dr.Dawes, Mr. Foster, Mr. Huckenfusser, who are or used to be an officer of the company, GML has been committing an offence of breach of section 183 of the Corporation Act 2001. The concerned officers have contravened the section 183 and not breach has been done by Mrs. Duck as she is not an employee of the company.